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Characteristics of automotive electrical systems

There are many types of cars and different forms, but the structural principles of their electrical devices are similar, and the characteristics of the electrical system are basically the same, with four characteristics of "two power sources, low-voltage DC, parallel single wire, and negative ground".

1) Two power supplies. That is, the battery and the generator. Among the two power sources equipped in the car, the battery is the auxiliary power source, and the generator is the main power source. The battery mainly supplies power when starting the engine, and the generator not only supplies power to the electrical equipment but also charges the battery when the car is running.

2) Low voltage direct current. The nominal voltage of the automotive electrical system has two levels: 12V and 24V. Gasoline engine vehicles generally use 12V electrical systems, and most diesel engine vehicles use 24V electrical systems. The rated voltages of 12V and 24V electrical systems are 14V and 28V respectively. In order to meet the increasing demand of automotive electrical devices and increasing power consumption for the power supply of the power supply system, countries all over the world are researching and developing 48V power supplies. No matter the voltage level is 12V, 24V, or 48V, it is a safe voltage of direct current (safety voltage refers to: direct current does not exceed 60V, alternating current does not exceed 36V), and their main advantage is that it is safe to use electricity and will not cause electric shock to the human body.

The reason why the car uses a DC electrical system is that the engine is started by an electric starter, the starter uses a DC motor and is powered by a battery, and the battery must be charged with DC, so the automotive electrical system is a DC electrical system.

3) Parallel single line. Car circuits are parallel circuits. The storage battery and the generator work in parallel, and the electrical appliances and the electronic control system of the whole vehicle are connected in parallel with two DC power sources.

4) Negative electrode grounding: In the single-wire system, the method of connecting the shell of the electrical product to the metal of the car body as a circuit conductor is called "grounding". Connecting the negative pole of the battery and electrical equipment to the car body is called "negative ground"; conversely, connecting the positive pole of the battery and electrical equipment to the car body is called "positive ground". According to the automotive industry standard QC/T 413-2002 "Basic Technical Conditions for Automotive Electrical Equipment", automotive electrical equipment is uniformly specified as negative ground.

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